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Rather than having the Ruler classes fighting it out for supremacy, or ending up with a mutant Ruler class with both name and length attributes (how many measuring rulers have names ), the Ruler classes are kept separately in the ToolBox and Country namespaces. You ll be looking at why namespaces are even more useful than this later, but first you have to look at the second reason why modules are so useful.

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Earlier you studied inheritance: the feature of object orientation that allows classes (and their instance objects) to inherit methods from other classes. You discovered that Ruby doesn t support multiple inheritance, the ability to inherit from multiple classes at the same time. Instead, Ruby s inheritance functionality only lets you create simple trees of classes, avoiding the confusion inherent with multiple inheritance systems. However, in some cases, it can be useful to share functionality between disparate classes. In this sense, modules act like a sort of super class and can be included into other classes, extending that class with the methods the module offers. For example:

If you stumble across the expression x <> y somewhere, this means x != y. The <> operator is deprecated, however, and you should avoid using it. Comparisons can be chained in Python, just like assignments you can put several comparison operators in a chain, like this: 0 < age < 100.

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module UsefulFeatures def class_name self.class.to_s end end class Person include UsefulFeatures end x = Person.new puts x.class_name

In this code, UsefulFeatures looks almost like a class, and it almost is. However, modules are organizational tools rather than classes themselves. The class_name method exists within the module, and is then included into the Person class. Here s another example:

Keep this technique in mind when you re writing the story template for the rst time and as you go forward with your sketches in the storyboard.

As you can see, you can include module methods into the current scope, even if you re not directly within a class. Somewhat like a class, though, you can use the methods directly:

Some of these operators deserve some special attention and will be described in the following sections. The Equality Operator If you want to know if two things are equal, you use the equality operator, written as a double equality sign, ==:

Therefore, include takes a module and includes its contents into the current scope. Ruby comes with several modules by standard that you can use. For example, the Kernel module contains all the standard commands you use in Ruby without getting involved with objects or classes, such as load, require, exit, puts, and eval. None of those methods are taking place directly in the scope of an object (as with the methods in your own programs), but they re special methods that get included into all classes (including the main scope), by default, through the Kernel module. However, of more interest to us are the modules Ruby provides that you can include into your own classes to gain more functionality immediately. Two such modules are Enumerable and Comparable.

Do your storyboard sketches show clearly: Where your Act I, Key Point, Explanation, and Detail slides are How you tell your story across frames, at each level of the storyboard Which graphics that you ll use Where you will use interaction, props, and other media

In previous chapters you ve performed the process of iteration, like so:

[1,2,3,4,5].each { |number| puts number }

In this case, you create a temporary array containing the numbers one through five and use the each iterator to pass each value into the code block, assigning each value to number that you then print to the screen with puts.

Ready, Set, Sketch!